The migrants arrived in Pittsburgh, one of the great industrial centers of the North. | Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series

During World War I there was a great migration north by southern African Americans.
The war had caused a labor shortage in northern industry. Citizens of foreign countries were returning to their native lands.
From every southern town migrants left by the hundreds to travel north.
All other sources of labor having been exhausted, the migrants were the last resource.
Migrants were advanced passage on the railroads, paid for by northern industry. Northern industry was to be repaid by the migrants out of their future wages.
The trains were crowded with migrants.
The migrant, whose life had been rural and nurtured by the earth, was now moving to urban life dependent on industrial machinery.
Some left because of promises of work in the North. Others left because their farms had been devastated by floods.
They left because the boll weevil had ravaged the cotton crop.
They were very poor.
Food had doubled in price because of the war.
The railroad stations were at times so crowded with people leaving that special guards had to be called to keep order.
The crops were left to dry and rot. There was no one to tend them.
For African Americans there was no justice in southern courts.
There were lynchings.
After a lynching the migration quickened.
Tenant farmers received harsh treatment at the hands of planters.
The migration gained in momentum.
There had always been discrimination.
In many of the communities the black press was read with great interest. It encouraged the movement.
Families arrived at the station very early. They did not wish to miss their trains north.
Migrants left. They did not feel safe. It was not wise to be found on the streets late at night. They were arrested on the slightest provocation.
The migration spread.
Their children were forced to work in the fields. They could not go to school.
They left their homes. Soon some communities were left almost empty.
And people all over the South continued to discuss this great movement.
Many men stayed behind until they could take their families north with them.
The labor agent sent south by northern industry was a familiar presence in the black communities.
The labor agent recruited unsuspecting laborers as strike breakers for northern industries.
In every southern home people met to decide whether or not to go north.
The migrants found improved housing when they arrived north.
The railroad stations in the South were crowded with northbound travelers.
Letters from relatives in the North told of the better life there.
The black press urged the people to leave the south.
They left the South in great numbers. They arrived in the North in great numbers.
Migrants arrived in Chicago, the gateway to the West.
Many migrants found work in the steel industry.
They also worked on the railroads.
Railroad platforms were piled high with luggage.
The migrants arrived in great numbers.
The South was desperate to keep its cheap labor. Northern labor agents were jailed or forced to operate in secrecy.
To make it difficult for the migrants to leave, they were arrested en masse. They often missed their trains.
In a few sections of the South leaders of both black and white communities met to discuss ways of making the South a good place to live.
But living conditions were better in the North.
The migrants arrived in Pittsburgh, one of the great industrial centers of the North.
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45 The migrants arrived in Pittsburgh, one of the great industrial centers of the North.
1940–41, Casein tempera on hardboard, 12 x 18 in. The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC, Acquired 1942
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Panel 45 highlights the food culture of African American migrants to the North. It shows a family sharing a meal aboard a train heading north to Pittsburgh. Southern blacks who were accustomed to Jim Crow policies had acquired the habit of packing food in baskets and shoeboxes for train trips in order to avoid poor treatment at segregated eating establishments. These boxed meals were culinary events, often including not just sandwiches but also Southern delicacies such as fried chicken, biscuits and cornbread, okra, deviled eggs, potato salad, and cake. [1] Not only did these meals serve a practical purpose—sustenance for the long journey—they also provided those leaving their homes with memories of food and family traditions they could bring with them.Not surprisingly, with the mass migration of African Americans to the North came the influence of Southern and Creole cuisine to Northern metropolitan areas. The preparation of certain staples such as cornbread and the practice of using cheaper cuts of meat (especially pork for economic reasons) canned and dried goods, and deep frying cooking techniques continued. [2] Migrants from the South and the Caribbean opened up restaurants in their new neighborhoods for the growing population of other immigrants, serving up comfort food that had migrated along with the people. [3] Black cooks also became aware of a variety of other cuisines as they acclimated to Northern culture. Many domestic cooks who came from the South learned Jewish, Italian, Latin American, European, and other styles of cooking, working in restaurants or private family kitchens and adapting their culinary knowledge to include new spices, pasta and grains, and produce. [4]

[1] Frederick Douglass Opie, Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 56–57.
[2] Frederick Douglass Opie, Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 57.
[3] William Frank Mitchell, African American Food Culture (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2009), 27.
[4] Frederick Douglass Opie, Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America (New York, Columbia University Press, 2008), 62.

Jacob Lawrence on Panel 45 of The Migration Series [ 2:12 ]

Spencer Crew on Panel 45 of The Migration Series [ 0:45 ]
Industries boarded their workers in unhealthy quarters. Labor camps were numerous.
As the migrant population grew, good housing became scarce. Workers were forced to live in overcrowded and dilapidated tenement houses.
Housing was a serious problem.
They found discrimination in the North. It was a different kind.
Race riots were numerous. White workers were hostile toward the migrant who had been hired to break strikes.
African Americans seeking to find better housing attempted to move into new areas. This resulted in the bombing of their new homes.
One of the most violent race riots occured in East St. Louis.
African Americans, long-time residents of northern cities, met the migrants with aloofness and disdain.
For migrants, the church was the center of life.
The migrants, having moved suddenly into a crowded and unhealthy environment, soon contracted tuberculosis. The death rate rose.
The African American professionals were forced to follow their clients in order to make a living.
The female workers were the last to arrive north.
In the North the African American had more educational opportunities.
In the North they had the freedom to vote.
And the migrants kept coming.

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